What term encompasses basic bodily functions like respiration and muscle contractions?

The correct term that encompasses basic bodily functions like respiration and muscle contractions is basal metabolism. Basal metabolism refers to the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment in the post-absorptive state (meaning that the digestive system is inactive). This energy is essential for maintaining vital functions such as breathing, circulation, cellular production, and muscle contraction, all of which are crucial for survival.

While the other terms relate to bodily functions, they do not specifically address the energy expenditure necessary for maintaining these basic functions at rest. Homeostasis refers to the process by which the body maintains stable internal conditions, but it does not directly denote energy expenditure. Cardiovascular function describes the activities of the heart and blood vessels, which contribute to the overall metabolic processes but are not synonymous with basal metabolism. Metabolic rate generally denotes the speed at which metabolism occurs, encompassing both basal metabolic rate and other processes, but it does not exclusively focus on the fundamental bodily functions at rest that are included in basal metabolism.